Friday 11 April 2014

Special Blog Entry 2: Reflecting Upon the Urban

The core theme of this entire blog spot is about what makes up a Caribbean Urban Space in contemporary society. It also looks at the ways in which these characteristics may differ or are similar to developed cities of the world. I decided to reflect upon three other blogs written by my course colleagues as it was directly related to the vision I had when creating this blog. These blogs are related to urban architecture, urban diet and the urban issues that are prevalent in urban spaces as it becomes more urban in nature.

Urban Architecture and design is directly related to this theme as it encompasses both past and the present of urban spaces. In the past there seemed to be some British influence in the way the buildings where designed and structure. Today however, you have a more modern urban design with towering skyscrapers and high- rise, high income apartment complexes, a phenomenon that did not exist some decades ago. This just goes to show how globalization and the breaking down of barriers between nations and the sharing of ideas has influenced the way we design our space and is responsible for the changing urban form of the city. The morphology in terms of building design is one that is leading towards a more developed city as opposed to the simple building structures that exited many years ago. There also seems to be a move towards cities that are more themed and provide entertainment as a variety of business establishments are set up in the inner-city areas. What is becoming a norm is the gentrification of Ariapita Avenue which is frequented by most Trinis for night lift activities. In cities such as Niagara Falls in Canada, this idea of an entertainment street or themed street also exists making it a characteristic not solely unique to us.

Conversely, an urban diet urban diet is one that is becoming increasing homogeneous around the world. Food is allowing for the convergence of many cultures and spaces around the world. In Trinidad and Tobago for example, our mineral resource wealth has allowed us to have high disposable incomes. In addition the onset of economic imperialism and open markets, have created opportunities for foreign fast food companies to establish themselves here. As a result of this, what you find occurring is that as people become busier with their jobs and earning an income, they may opt to buying fast food to feed their families. These meals are consistent and convenient at an affordable price. What many persons fail to realise however is how gradually these fast food restaurants are becoming part of our culture and dynamics and how we design our urban space. It is not only the proliferation of fast food outlets but also the high imports of foreign foods which is shaping our urban lives. As a result you now have issues such as obesity and a variety of lifestyle diseases existing in the urban space that never existed many years ago. Interestingly enough these characteristics are not unique to our urban space and many cities around the world struggle with the same issue. However, these developed cities may have the necessary infrastructure in place such as large open green spaces where persons can exercise and maintain a healthy lifestyle. In Port of Spain there are limited green spaces and most persons rely on the Queens’ Park Savannah if indeed they need to exercise or for recreation. Many persons do not opt to use this space because security seems to be a challenge.

Is the city really an illusion of urban paradise? I would have to agree and disagree. On one hand of the spectrum there are many issues that affect the city in many ways. These include flooding due to land reclamation and ecosystem destruction, limited green spaces as well as traffic and congestion to name a few. To some this situation may not be the most promising thing in terms of the cities sustainability and longevity. I will depart on the point however that it is not an illusion per say, but instead it is the epitome of years of adaption based on the socio-economic needs of that time period. Maybe it might not be what the Global North sees as planned and modern but our urban spaces are rich in culture and heritage, an element non- existent in many modern cities. Instead we should embrace our culture and provide solutions to the problems experienced. For issues of traffic and congestion, maybe we can turn towards the high occupancy vehicle instead of allowing many single occupant vehicles into the city at one time. In addition, we can aim for a city where the pedestrian is catered. Abandoned plots of lands can also be turned into green spaces within the city to allow for healthier lifestyles. Policies can also be put in place to protect vulnerable ecosystems around the city. The historical architecture highlighted previously should also be preserved as in the future, these artifacts can be used to generate income for our economy.


In my opinion, although our urban spaces do face some challenges, some of which are shared with the developed parts of the world, it cannot be denied how unique our urban spaces are in terms of form, history and culture. This constitutes to our urban space, this is where we live. 

Acknowledgements

A special thanks goes out to my course colleagues K. Swamber, A. Laidlow and T. Arjoon.
For further reading, visit their blogs:

Constituents of Contemporary Port of Spain

This photo was taken along Independence Square Port of Spain , between the vicinity of Abercombery and Fredrick Streets. From the photo, you may notice a fairly wide two lane road with two lanes of parking on either side.

The new Port of Spain places business and economics first. Also, the city is catered to both the pedestrian and the vehicle. In the quest to become more modern however, it seems as though, the city is beginning to lose it's history. 

The city that is "newer" has fairly wide streets with parking to accommodate vehicles as well as pedestrians. There are many problems that plague Caribbean Urban Spaces, namely in Trinidad such as pollution, traffic, overcrowding and homelessness. All problems not solely isolated to the Caribbean but also to many other developed countries of the world. 

What is also evident in these urban spaces are the effects of globalization in changing how we view our space and consider to be modern. The country is moving towards a more westernized type of urban development by constructing towering skyscrapers to house administrative offices and businesses. 

In the final synopsis, it can be said that the Caribbean is indeed unique when it comes to our history and culture influencing the look and feel of the city. However, due to the effects of Globalization and the world becoming one global village, culture is becoming more homogeneous and history is being forgotten. As a result, you have similar constituents making up your Caribbean Urban Space to that of a developed city/ post industrial city such as the the architecture, traffic, congestion, pollution, homelessness and deurbanization in some areas and urban growth in others.

Urban Form of the Past: Religion at the centre

Mosque located in East Port of Spain

Sjorberg’s Model of the Pre- Industrial City in 5000 BC states that the Pre- Industrial cities are centered around a shrine or politics, the elite will live as close to that shrine as possible with lower classes living on the outskirts. The form of a city is by no means stagnant and is dynamic and changing.

In Port of Spain, it is not difficult to the see the amount of aged cathedrals and temples set up within the city. Among them include Catholic, Muslim and Anglican shrines. They are also concentrated in East Port of Spain. This just goes to show how important religion was at that time especially in the days of colonialism.
In contemporary times however, the focus has shifted from religion to economics, although religion still plays an integral role in culture. The city is now centered on commerce and trade, a characteristic of a post industrial city. This type of urban form is now seen as the future as the government has developed the waterfront area solely for that purpose. These areas however have been neglected and lack the investment needed for the development since religion is no longer the central focal point of the city.


In modern cities of the world, business and economics is also the main activity that takes place in the city which makes Caribbean Spaces similar in terms of the use of space. 

The aging city

Picadilly Street or "around the bridge" as it is called , East Port of Spain.

The eastern side of Port of Spain has been able to retain its history and culture stemming all the way back to emancipation. After emancipation, many of the free enslaved persons moved to East Port of Spain and Belmont or Free Town forming communities there. Today these traditional Victorian - type houses still exist. Also there is evidence that the building materials of today significantly differ than those of the past.

When comparing this photo to the previous pictures shown, it is almost as if you are in a totally different country all together. On one end of the spectrum, you have towering skyscrapers and signs of urban growth, whilst on the other end there is stagnation. These buildings in this area however are rich in history and depth. The question we all should think about then is if in the quest to be urban and achieve urban growth and development do we sacrifice our history and culture? Why can we not revert to gentrification in these areas or preserve the authenticity of these spaces?

Some of the major problems facing this part of Port of Spain are:
  • ·         Flooding
  • ·         Deurbanization
  • ·          Gang Culture
  • ·         Poverty
  • ·         Negative Public image
  • ·         Poor housing and living conditions


East Port of Spain might not be seen as being urban by developers in the developed world. This makes our city unique as there are still elements of our history present in the city.

Additional links and further reading on East Dry River and East Port of Spain


Thursday 10 April 2014

This is my city

Aerial View of Wrightson Road and the western and northern sides of Port of Spain.

This is my city, urban I think it is, unplanned it might be.
This is my city here in sweet T & T.
It might not be what the first world wants it to be

But this is my city; there is everything here that I need.

The shape and form of a city is termed its morphology. The morphology of the city is influenced by the socio- economic activities that occur there.  From the photograph, you can actually see the different zones to which the city is divided into. You can see that the city has a multiple use function whereby there is commercial, industrial, housing and entertainment all crammed into one place. Further away closer to the Northern Range, you see aspects of Corbusier’s Radial city, whereby there are high income apartment buildings located in the suburban areas. Major transportation networks can also be noted in the photograph which allows for easy access into and out of the city (if there is no traffic of course).

If it had to characterized, I would say that Port of Spain relates solely to Jane Jacob’s Principle of Good Neighborhoods. The city has mixed use with different functions; mixed blocks with different buildings of different ages and conditions; streets with short blocks and numerous corners and a somewhat dense concentration of people making it a place that would have advantageous social interactions which are not present in many cities and suburbs today. This could also be due to the culture of our people spanning from the "old time days"where everyone held close social relations with each other.

In comparison to more developed cities of the world, Trinidad and Tobago is different in its morphology or form and it has obtained this form overtime. The design allows for social interaction, cohesion and congruence of cultures, an aspect that is absent in many developed cities of the world.

Additional links:




Skyscrapers? Yes Please!

Construction of a new high-rise office space on the Waterfront.

Corbusier developed his planning principles in two key visions: the Contemporary city (1922) and the Radiant city. His solution to the problems of a disorganized and crowded city was to decongest by increasing density and also improve the circulation by increasing the amount of open space and by careful geometric design (Hall and Barrett, 2012).

One of the completed skyscrapers along the Waterfront.


Many modern urban designs in the city have started to encompass Corbusier’s theory of decongesting by increasing density or creating skyscrapers. Although the skyscrapers being constructed here may not be as high as those in developed countries, it is still noted that influence of the Global North in terms of architectural design are encouraging the ways the ways in which urban planners and engineers design our Caribbean Space.

If yuh holdin’ di traffic let it go

Traffic backed up along Wrightson Road during peak evening hours.



Berbice- Let it go

Traffic, Traffic Traffic, Traffic!!! A problem that seems to be becoming more and more prevalent as Trinidad and Tobago becomes more urbanized. Public transport systems are not favored by citizens and as such the single occupant vehicle triumphs over the high occupancy vehicle. According to Hall and Barrett 2012, the levels of car based mobility in cities vary greatly around the world. Generally what happens is that the more densely populated cities tend to be characterized by lower levels of car use. As population increases, the per capita use of fuel drops, car use drops and the use of alternative modes of transport increases (Hall and Barrett 2012). Port of Spain is not densely populated and what occurs is that a number of persons flock to the city during the morning time in their cars in order to get to work creating enormous amounts of traffic. The reverse occurs of evenings when persons finish work and attempt to leave the city to get to their homes on the outskirts of the city.

The issues with traffic congestion can also be attributed to the amount of vehicles allowed to enter the country. In addition to this, the urban design can only accommodate a certain amount of vehicles at one time. The question then arises should the city be re-designed to as to accommodate the pedestrian instead of the vehicle? Also should legislature be put in place to ensure that public transport is the only means of transport allowed to enter the city of Port of Spain?

In Trinidad and Tobago, the traffic situation within the urban center may not be unique to us as more developed cities in the world do face this problem during rush hour periods. However, the use of public transportation is more prominent in these developed cities, a practice that is almost none- existent here. In Trinidad and Tobago, if you wish to journey from Arima to Port of Spain which is approximately a 16 kilometre distance, you can spend up to 2- 3 hours in traffic, simply because everyone wants to drive their cars into the city.

This speaks volumes in terms what the distance the country has to go if indeed they want to create a sustainable urban design and plan. Some sort of legislature needs to be put in place to reduce the volume of cars entering into the cities as this can create a number of environmental and infrastructural degradation.

Reference

Hall, Tim and Heather Barrett. 2012. “Transport and Mobility in Cities.” In Urban Geography,4th Ed. London and New York: Routledge.

Globalization trickling into Caribbean Urban Space

Globalization is loosely defined as the breaking down of barriers, allowing free trade and access to markets. Is globalization trickling into Caribbean Urban spaces and becoming a part of our culture and the way we as a Caribbean people interact with our space? The photo below should explain it all.


What stood out to me in this little space is that although it was highly “globalized” there still stood an icon of Trinidad and Tobago at the center of it all. This goes to show that although we are becoming more developed, urbanized and homogenized with the Global North; we still manage to hold on the elements of our culture. 

Independence Square Port of Spain.

What is becoming more apparent is that the more urban Trinidad and Tobago gets and by extension the Caribbean, the more we see a fast food type culture coming to the forefront. This can also be seen in the Global North in cities such as New York and Toronto. Edward Relph 1981 also criticized these types of landscapes. He believed that modern landscapes, denies feelings, ignores ethics and minimizes responsibility to individuals for the environment in which they live. He states that these landscapes are defined by fast-food and suburban landscapes which have been developed for convenience and comfort (Relph 1981). In Trinidad and Tobago this is definitely applicable as the proliferating fast food industry is one that is evolving to be attractive and convenient to customers. These fast food chains usually produce food of consistent quality and standard at reasonable prices. This is indeed becoming a central trait of Trinidadian culture hence the reason why this favored fast food chain is located in the heart of the capital of the city.

In addition to the fast food outlet portrayed in the picture, other foreign fast food outlets found in Port of Spain are Pizza Hut, Wendy’s, Burger King, Subway and Mc Donald’s all of which are foreign Transnational Corporations. In this regard it can be said that Globalization is in fact allowing foreign corporations to trickle into our urban spaces. These corporations are equipped with the necessary financial resources and vision to influence our urban architecture and space by the way they design their establishments which mimics those found in other regions of the world.

Links


Reference

Relph, Edward. 1981. Rational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography. London: Rowman and Littlefield.

Bustling with commerce and trade, it is the port of Port of Spain.

Aerial View of a section of the Port of Port of Spain.

The Port of Port of Spain is a central location for many of the country’s commercial and shipping activities. The onset of globalization and some freedom of imports as well as the high demand for vehicles have also made it the area where thousands of foreign- used Japanese vehicles are brought to our shores. According to Hall and Barrett 2012, increasing globalization of the world economy through the formation of global production networks, global markets and significantly global financial systems has lead to the rise of new economic sectors and spatial relations of production. It is safe to say that trading and commerce is linked all over the world. It is so linked that what you find happening is that you have places and spaces becoming more homogeneous in terms of the products as well as the aesthetic value.

The port of the city also serves as a major transportation hub whereby persons are able to board the water taxi to get to San Fernando and Chaguaramas and well as board the fast ferry to get to the sister isle of Tobago. The port also adds a historical depth of city and it was the main area to which the city was built or where infrastructural development took place during colonialism.


One of the water taxis docked at the terminal. The vehicles in the photo are government vehicles parked on the waterfront waiting for distinguished members of parliament.

In this regard it can be said that the Trinidad and Tobago is similar to more developed cities of the world whereby the port reigns supreme especially when it comes to our imports of various commodities. It may however differ in terms of its historical and cultural attributes as ports particularly in the Caribbean was where the African enslaved persons were brought to be sold to the various estates. In contemporary times in Trinidad for instance, the use of the port is becoming more defined to a mixed or multiple use purpose where there are activities such as transportation, global trade and commerce, administrative buildings and entertainment all being located close to or in this area, a land use practice that definitely mimics the developed world.

Additional Links :


Reference
Reference: Hall, Tim and Heather Barrett. 2012. “City Economies.” In Urban Geography,4th Ed. London and New York: Routledge.

Monday 24 March 2014

Special Blog Entry- Port of Spain Field Excursion to St. Clair and Belmont

" The success of cities depends on successful neighbourhoods- physical areas within which people organize their lives" (Power, 2000 cited in Sandhu, 2006).

The quotation above speaks directly to what an urban space should aspire to be. In this special blog entry, two special areas of Port of Spain ( St Clair and Belmont) will be assessed according to Jane Jacobs' principle of good neighbourhoods, including a Placecheck analysis of both areas as well as personal opinions. The Placecheck was done by asking standard questions in both neighbourhoods in addition to observations made as a group of students walked about the communities.

The first neighbourhood examined was St. Clair. St Clair is located on the western side of Port of Spain and is known for housing many high end businesses and companies as well as administrative buildings. Some of these include the St Clair Medical Centre, the Office of the Prime Minister, British Gas (BG) and Royal Bank to name a few. The majority of embassies and high commissions are also centralized in the St. Clair area. In addition to this, the neighbourhood is equipped with numerous green spaces, recreational facilities and parks such as the Queens' Park Oval and King George VI Park.
Office of the Prime Minister. (Photo Courtesy S. Cummings- Lumsden, 2014)

If one was to categorize the residential aspect of this neighbourhood, it will be placed in the category of high-income residential as most of the houses are reminiscent of a high- income suburban community. What was evident to the observers were the number of security and urban policing methods put in place in this community. These ranged having having high walls around residences, surveillance cameras, signs, security patrols and neighbourhood watch programs. According to Hall and Barrett 2012, planned urban landscapes are usually underpinned by the practices of management, surveillance and policing of these spaces to subtly control bodies and the bodies of people. In addition, the streets of the community are wide and outfitted with speed bumps, which are elements that are not present in east Port of Spain.This therefore reinforces the view that St. Clair has some sort of urban plan enforced, as the neighbourhood comprises of these modern urban elements.
Example of the wide streets and speed bumps in the St. Clair community. (S. Cummings- Lumsden, 2014).
Surveillance video camera attached to a residence. (Photo Courtesy S. Cummings- Lumsden, 2014)


Mixed Land use practices were also observed in this neighbourhood. There was a mixture of residential, commercial and administrative, although there was strict separation between each purpose. There were also few old buildings. Most of the old buildings present seemed to be refurbished while businesses took on a modern design. What was absent however was a dense concentration of people. When the students searched the community for residents to interview, there was no one out on the streets or even in their yards. This exacerbates the view that in some of these rich suburban communities, there is little to no social mixing and sense of community. The Placecheck assessment exercise was therefore solely based on the observers' opinions of the space. We agreed that we liked the feeling of security and the layout of the neighbourhood. In my opinion, I did not like the fact that there was no one to interact with in the streets. The only persons that were available for interaction, and who were using the community's facilities did not reside there. I believe that the neighbourhood's social interaction needs to be improved as they have the necessary facilities to encourage it.

My tour of Belmont however provided a totally opposing view to what was observed in St. Clair. Belmont is located in East Port of Spain and is known in Trinidadian history to be the first suburban community and free emancipated village. Belmont or Freetown as it was called long ago by the emancipated slaves, plays an extremely important role in the country's culture and history. It boasts of having a strong influence on Carnival celebrations in Port of Spain as it is home to many of the nation's major steel pan bands and mas bands. The Freetown Foundation, founded in 1990, is the main agency responsible for giving citizens a tour of the historical monuments of Belmont and explaining the importance of this to the cultural development of Port of Spain entirely.
Glendon Morris of the Glendon Morris Copper Works and Mas Camp located on Belmont Circular Road, Belmont. This mas camp is known for its long history for exquisite copper works for carnival celebrations. It was originally established by Ken Morris. (Photo Courtesy S. Cummings- Lumsden, 2014).

In the community, most of the buildings are aged, reflective of the many years they have been in existence. There are also a number of churches, schools, orphanages and businesses in the area. There are also a few ministries located along Jerningham Avenue. It is not hard to see that Belmont has maintained the same structure and architecture since the time it was originally created. There are however some newer buildings along Jerningham Avenue. Other than this, most of the area is dedicated to residential settlement, with narrow streets reflective of a no urban planning as well as a lack of facilities for the youth of the community. What cannot be denied however is the feeling of community and social interaction between neighbours as persons can be found in the streets talking to each other and having social contact, which was not observed in St Clair.
This is one example of aged building in Belmont. ( S. Cummings- Lumsden, 2014).

Another aged and abandoned structure. (S. Cummings- Lumsden, 2014).

Newer buildings and businesses located along Jerningham Avenue. (S. Cummings- Lumsden, 2014).

An interview with Tyker Pinero, a resident of Belmont and actress reinforced what was observed. When asked about what she liked about her community, Ms. Pinero stated that she liked the fact that her neighbours are like family and everyone in the community is close knit. Also, she appreciated the convenience and proximity of her community to Port of Spain. She also stated that she would like to see more facilities be put in place for the youth as well as improved interaction between governments, administration and residents, as they feel left out of important decisions. Ms, Pinero believes that authorities must do more to rectify the flooding situation in the community by regular cleaning of drains and collection of garbage. She also firmly believes that the stereotype that Belmont is a "bad place" and "full of crime" must be lifted as this is not the full extent of the situation.

If one was to categorize Belmont in terms of socio- economic status, it will be regarded as middle-class to low income. In this neighbourhood, the urban management and policing strategies are not like those observed in St. Clair. Residents in this area secure their homes with burglar-proof gates and windows in an attempt to control bodies. There was also evidence of a lack of proper scheduling of garbage collection in the community as most of the streets had some sort of garbage pile. This reinforces the issues in the community of a missing link between authorities and residents as previously highlighted.
This is what a typical middle income house looks like in Belmont. Notice that it still holds elements of a colonial-style house. (S. Cummings- Lumsden).
Illegal dumping of garbage in Belmont. This issue needs to be rectified. (Photo courtesy B. Sawh 2014).

Assessing "Good Neighbourhoods"
Jane Jacobs' principles of good neighbourhoods state that there must be:

  1. Mixed use- different functions;
  2. Mixed blocks with different buildings of different ages and conditions;
  3. Streets with short blocks and numerous corners;
  4. A dense concentration of people.

With these principles in mind, Belmont can be characterized as a "good neighbourhood" as it feeds directly into Jacobs' vision of what the ideal urban space should be. St Clair is ranked second to this as there is not a dense concentration of people in the area. Also, although there were short blocks with numerous corners, which is supposed to encourage interaction among residents, there was no one on the streets to enable this process. In society however, persons may hold the view that St Clair is a "good neighbourhood" as opposed to Belmont because of the way it is set up and because of the socio-economic class that reside there, which I also agree with. However, I believe that the feeling of "belongingness" and community is greater in Belmont.

One can therefore ask, what makes a successful residential neighbourhood? In my opinion, a successful residential neighbourhood will be achieved when there is a balance between security, proper planning and a sense of community. As a resident you must be able to feel safe where you are without excluding the rest of the population. In addition to this, planners must engineer communities that would allow for easy interaction and ensure that facilities are well kept. Interaction among residents is also important so that there is a sense of community and togetherness instead of the segregated feel that high- income suburban communities depict.

Acknowledgements

A special thanks to Mr.E Scantlebury of the Freetown Foundation for tour of Belmont as well as Ms. Tyker Pinero. Also to S. Cummings- Lumsden and B. Sawh for providing photographs.

Reference
Hall, Tim and Heather Barrett. 2012. "The Urban Public Realm: Regulation, Rhythm and Transgression." In Urban Geography,4th Ed. London and New York: Routledge.


Sunday 9 February 2014

1) Image of Port of Spain, the capital city of Trinidad.
This image depicts some of the administrative and financial buildings located in Port of Spain. It also shows two major entrances into the city. The road on the left is the Priority Bus Route which is used primarily by maxi- taxis, buses and special security vehicles. The road on the right of the image is the Eastern Main Road, which is used by citizens to enter into the city. If one looks closely, one can also see the Northern Range of Trinidad which says a lot about the topography of Caribbean Islands.
           Urbanization in the Caribbean has no doubt taken a different form when compared to cities in other developed countries of the world. This is mainly due to the history and topography of the Caribbean, where most of the cities were built in low lying coastal zones during colonialism. The urban form also varies within the Caribbean. In Trinidad and Tobago, which is the main point of focus, there is a population of approximately 1.3 million persons. The twin island state is rich in cultural diversity as well as natural resources. This has led the country to develop differently as opposed to its other regional neighbours.
             When people think about the Caribbean generally, an image of sun, sea and sand comes to mind. However, what most people do not realize is that the Caribbean also has urban centres which plays an important role in the administrative, financial and political affairs of each country. In Trinidad and Tobago for example, the capital of Port of Spain (as seen in the image), is home for many government ministries, Parliament, Justice Halls, transport hubs, schools, hospitals, entertainment and historical artifacts. This just goes to show how dynamic the city is.
             Throughout the course of this blog, images would be posted to highlight the similarities of Trinidad and Tobago's urban spaces, when compared to developed cities of the world. In addition, any differences would be highlighted to show how unique Caribbean urbanization is in terms of culture and form as opposed to other cities.